The Green Cement Dilemma: Carbon Finger Print Down, Durability at Risk? (RIP2026-00022)

Andrés Torres-Acosta, Beatriz Martín-Pérez, OLADIS TROCONIS DE RINCON, Paulo Helene, Rafael A. Méndez-Páramo, David Solis-Cruz, Brendy Rincon Troconis, Arturo Montoya

University of Ottawa, The University of Texas System, University of Sao Paulo Brasil, Tecnologico de Monterrey, University of Ottawa, The University of Texas System, University of Texas

The global drive to reduce CO₂ emissions has made Low-Carbon Concretes (LCCs) central to sustainable construction. Their main approach is replacing high-clinker Portland cement with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) or alternative binders. While this reduces environmental impact, excessive clinker reduction can threaten long-term mechanical performance and durability.
This study analyzes the key trade-offs behind aggressive adoption of low-carbon cementitious systems. It examines how high clinker replacement—when not aligned with the kinetics and stoichiometry of alternative materials—may cause adverse effects. Focus is placed on compressive strength development at late ages under natural exposure, shrinkage linked to drying, and durability indicators such as chloride ingress, carbonation resistance, and microstructural stability influenced by shrinkage carbonation.
Although LCCs can enhance resistance to certain chemical attacks through densified pore structures, poorly optimized mixtures may increase porosity or weaken resistance to degradation. Case studies show that extreme decarbonization targets, aimed at minimizing clinker content, can reduce service life compared with more balanced, moderate-carbon concretes.
The study concludes that sustainable concrete must also be durable. It proposes a balanced mix-design strategy that leverages SCM synergies to meet carbon-reduction goals while ensuring the performance required for resilient, long-lasting infrastructure.